Nursery Timeline

Infant Deaths at Nurseries

Queen's Orphan Schools

Newspaper Articles

 

 

Pregnant convicts were usually returned to the Government for their confinement and remained with their babies until they were weaned—initially, weaning occurred at six months, but was later extended to nine months in an attempt to reduce the death rate of infants in the nurseries.  After weaning, the mother had to serve six months' imprisonment in the Crime Class as punishment for getting pregnant.

The children, if they survived the terrible conditions, remained in the various nurseries until they reached the age of (2 or) 3 years when they were removed to the orphanage, unless their mother had gained her freedom in the meantime or could prove she could support the child.

Many of these children died due to poor conditions in the nurseries.  A list of the various nurseries used for some periods is provided here. Lists of those children who died at nurseries in Hobart and at Ross Female Factory are also provided.

Dr Rebecca Kippen presented a paper at one of our meetings on infant mortality in the nurseries entitled 'And the Mortality Frightful': Infant and Child Mortality in the Convict Nurseries of Van Diemen's Land—she has kindly made a copy of her paper available here for people to read.

 

Nursery

Dates

Cascades Female Factory

1828 - June 1838

house in Liverpool St, Hobart

June 1838 - 1842

Launceston Female Factory

1834 - 1848

Dynnyrne Nursery

1842 - 1851

Ross Female Factory

1848 - 1851

Brickfields Hiring Depot

1849 - 1851

Cascades Female Factory

1851 - March 1852

New Town

March 1852 - September 1852

Brickfields Nursery

September 1852 - 1854

Cascades Female Factory

1854 - 1855

Brickfields Nursery

1855 - c1859

Information taken from Joan C Brown's "Poverty is not a Crime":  Social Services in Tasmania 1803-1900.

 

Children Born to Female Convicts Under Sentence

A list of all the children noted as being born to female convicts under sentence in Tasmania's Birth records has been compiled (Peter Gunn and Rebecca Kippen 2006. Household and Family Formation in Nineteenth-Century Tasmania Dataset, The Australian National University, Canberra). The list covers births between 1845 and 1857. The list is provided here in alphabetical order of mother's name.

Children born to Female Convicts Under Sentence (pdf format)

 

Infant Deaths at Nurseries

A list of all the children (1148) known to have died in the nurseries at Cascades Female Factory, Dynnyrne and Brickfields between 1829 and 1856 has been compiled.  The information has been taken from the Registrar General's Department death records. The list is provided here in alphabetical order of infant's name.

NB: This list includes infants who died on the voyage to Van Diemen's Land.

Alphabetical List of Infant Deaths at Hobart Nurseries (pdf format)

A list of all the children (64) known to have died in the nursery at Ross Female Factory between 1848 and 1855 has been compiled. The information has been taken from the Registrar General's Department death records. The list is provided here in alphabetical order of infant's name.

Alphabetical List of Infant Deaths at Ross Female Factory (pdf format)

Up until January 1844, Anglican children who died at the nurseries in Hobart were buried at St David's Cemetery, Hobart. From this date, Anglican children were buried at Trinity Burial Ground, Hobart, until the burial ground at Cascades Female Factory was opened later in the decade.

In Launceston, the last recorded convict's child in the burial registers for St John's Anglican Church is September 1842. These children were:

Name
Age
Where Died
Burial Date
Abode
Description
Maria HANLON
9 months
Launceston FF
17 September 1842
Launceston Hospital
convict's child (child of Ann Hanlon per Platina)
William MORRISON
5 months
Launceston FF
23 September 1842
Launceston Hospital
convict's child

Reference: AOT, NS 748/75 p.44

In Launceston, the last recorded convict's child in the burial registers for Trinity Anglican Church is August 1844. Burials of children who died at Launceston Female Factory and recorded in these burial registers between February 1843 and August 1844 are listed below (note some pages are missing from the register - AOT, NS 1735/9 pp.1-5).

Name
Age
Where Died
Burial Date
Theresa WILLIAMSON
8 months
Launceston FF
7 February 1843
Henry SHORT
9 months
Launceston FF
8 February 1843
Henry DALEY
12 months
Launceston FF
8 February 1843
Rachel Lavinia JOHNSON
9 months
Launceston FF
10 February 1843
Mary Ann KELLY
2 months
Launceston FF
13 February 1843
Thomas BAINES/BARNES
11 months
Launceston FF
16 February 1843
Mary EWAN
3 months
Launceston FF
3 March 1843
William Horrison HUTTON
6 months
Launceston FF
13 March 1843
William WANSFORD
4 months
Launceston FF
31 March 1843
Amelia HARRISTON
2 months
Launceston FF
10 August 1843
Thomas DRIVERS
1 day
Launceston FF
10 August 1843
Eliza SOUTER
14 days
Launceston FF
1 September 1843
James EVANS
4 months
Launceston FF
13 August 1844
Alexander JONES
2 months 3 weeks
Launceston FF
30 August 1844

 

Queen's Orphan Schools, New Town

On 29 March 1844, the Austral-Asiatic Review noted that the Lieutenant-Governor had appointed Captain Booth, the Reverend Mr Ewing and the Vicar-General Therry to be Commissioners to carry into effect the apprenticing of the Queen's Orphan School children (p.2). Reverend Mr Ewing was Chaplain of the Queen's Orphan School and Captain Booth was the Superintendent, having been moved there from the position of Commandant at Port Arthur due to ill health (Austral-Asiatic Review 19 January 1844, p.2).

A paper on the Queen's Orphan Schools presented by Joyce Purtscher at a FFRG meeting in November 2007 is available here.

The following article was published in the Hobart Town Courier on 28 January 1853 (p3 c1-2). It provides a physical description of orphanage and a description of the daily routine, from one man's point of view.

A VISIT TO THE QUEEN'S ORPHAN SCHOOL
No.1

(From our own Reporter.)

28th January, 1853.

In obedience to your instructions, I yesterday visited the Queen's Orphan School, and examined thoroughly the buildings, the rules and regulations under which it is conducted, and their practical effect upon the children at present pupils there. Before I detail at what conclusion I arrived from my inspection, both with regard to the wisdom of the regulations of the school and the manner in which they are carried out, I shall state briefly your reasons, as you detailed them to me, for choosing me for this service. You said, "As education is become one of the most important subjects for consideration in the colony, we wish a thorough examination to be made of the different Government schools, and a fair and impartial account given of them to the public. You, having but just arrived in the colony, without partialities or prejudices, knowing scarcely the names of the chief persons here, will be more likely to carry out our object than a longer resident; and your having given the subject of education much study, and observed the different systems in use in England, France, Prussia, and the other Australasian Colonies, will enable you to see clearly if our system is efficient, and likely to be of such benefit to the colony as its inhabitants require." All your readers may not be aware that there are but three systems of primary education now recognised in the United Kingdom; they are the Denominational, the British and Foreign, and the National or Irish. ...

These short explanations will probably bring before the minds of your readers the comparative merits of the systems of education patronised by different governments, and will make them comprehend the interesting debates upon this important subject which are at present taking up so much of the attention and time of the Legislative Councils of Sydney and of Melbourne. It is unneccessary for me to describe the healthy situation, or the beauty and picturesqueness, of the Queen's Orphan Schools. The building is divided into three departments, and contains schools for males, females, and infants. In front are well cultivated gardens, at present containing an excellent stock of vegetables; behind the boys' department is a large play-ground, with a full-rigged mast to teach the children gymnastics and which, I am happy to learn, has as yet caused no accident. As health is, or ought to be, the first consideration, I asked to see the dormitories, and was shown three fine large rooms—one for the Protestants, another for the Roman Catholics, and the third I understood fo an emergency, such as the over-crowding of the other two. The sides of each of these rooms are divided by a rail into five compartments, each compartment containing eight hammocks, thus allowing eighty children to sleep in a dormitory. The room appeared to me to be about 50 feet long, 20 wide, and 20 high; thus giving at a rough calculation, 12 square feet 6 inches of air to each child, hardly sufficient I think. One counteracting effect to the unhealthiness of so many children sleeping closely together is the excellent ventilation of the room, the greater part of the top being composed of windows which are kept open all day; in addition to these windows, there are two patent ventilators in each dormitory. The good effect of this thorough ventilation is assisted by the perfect cleanliness which characterises the whole building. It is an old boast among thrifty housewives, that you might eat your dinner off their floors; and I must do the Superintendent of the Orphan Schools the justice to say, that I have never seen tables whiter, or more beautifully clean, than every floor which I saw yesterday. The children sleep in hammocks, having for the use of each two blankets and a rug. At half-past 5 a.m. each child folds up his bedding, and lays them aside ready for the night. There are monitors or curators appointed, who are responsible for these wholesome regulations being well carried out. When the children leave the dormitories in teh morning they are locked, and no one is admitted to enter them before night—a very wise measure, as they are thus always fresh by the sleeping time. I next visited the school-rooms. They are under the dormitories, and of precisely the same size. The middle of the room contains about twenty long desks. AT the end of the room is a dais 2 feet in height. Upon this dais are the two master's desks and a large black board; the room is hung round with maps, and there are rows of green baize dropping from the ceiling, I presume to concentrate sound. The chief characteristic of this apartment, like all the others is cleanliness and neatness. I could suggest but one improvement, which was, that the floor ought to have been raised upon a gently inclined plane; then the master would be better able to see any improper conduct or want of attention on the part of the scholars, and the latter would be better able to see the masters when receiving lessons from them.

Adjoining the large school-room is a small classroom, in which the more advanced boys are taught higher subjects; the sides of this room are hung round with plans and pictures, explanatory of easy rules in natural philosophy. In the school-room, I inspected some copy books which were lying by chance on one of the desks, and I must say, if they are fair specimens of the writing class, considering the age of the children, they do great credit to the institution.

I next inspected the dining room, a fine apartment, about which I shall say nothing, except that it was as clean and orderly as could have been wished. From thence I made my way to the kitchen, and tasted the bread made on the premises, from the flour commonly known as 20 per cent flour, that is, I understand, flour adulterated 20 per cent. The bread is certainly much better than most working people at home can afford to buy, and good enough for any person. The meat, which I saw, was not so good; th emutton was tolerable, the beef decidedly innutritious. In leaving the kitchen, I passed through the lavatories. The water is brought into the apartment, and continually flows into a kind of wooden tank lined with zinc, something in teh shape of a long horse trough, and the children come every morning to wash. Round the lavatory hang numerous jack-towels.

I have now minutely and correctly described every thing that I saw, and you may depend upon the accuracy of the description. With the slight exceptions I have mentioned, I considered the school a great credit to its founder, patrons, and superintendents.

I will now state what I could learn of the management and general habits of the school. First, as to the observances of religion, it seems that the school recognised but two religions in its pupils, namely, the Church of England and the Roman Catholic. There are, accordingly, two chaplains—one a clergyman of the Church of England, the other a Roman Catholic priest, who attend to the spiritual wants of the children. There are also two masters and two mistresses, the higher ones being Protestants and the assistants being Roman Catholics. At 8:30 a.m. the Protestant children proceed to the chapel, where prayers are read by the clergyman, who attends daily for that purpose; the Roman Catholics are assembled in one of teh schoolrooms, and their morning worship is performed by the Roman Catholic master. On Wednesday in each week the whole day is given up to religious instruction, each creed being taught in different rooms by its own particular minister.

As the aim of the institution is to make good and useful citizens of its young inmates, there is an industrial school attached. At certain hours of the day every child is obliged to practice some trade or calling. This plan serves a double purpose; it teaches children a useful and remunerative calling, and at the same time enables them to make and repair their own clothes and grown their own produce. To each of the agriculturists, who are deserviing, a small piece of ground is allotted, which they are permitted to cultivate and to sell what they can produce from it. The Industrial master keeps their accounts for them giving them every now and then a little pocket money, and he buys them seed, &c.; many of the boys make £3 per annum by their industry. The diet of the children per diem is 1lb of flour, ½lb of meat, soup, vegetables, and on every Sunday a pudding; this of course is apportioned out differently to children of different ages. Each child has two perfect suits of clothes and four pairs of excellent boots per annum. The daily routine of the owrk of the boys is as follows:—The bell rings at 5:40 a.m., when each child folds up its bedding; they then descend to the lavatory, and at 7 a.m., are inspected by the master and matron, to see if they are properly dressed and cleaned; at 7:30 breakfast, consisting of bread and tea; at 8:30 prayers; 9 recreation; 9:30 they are told off by the Industrial master to their various employments; 11:30 school; 12:45 dinner; 2 school again; 4 recreation; 5 supper, the same as breakfast; then they are left to make their beds; afterwards recreation till bedtime. The Government very liberally supplies the children with bats and balls, to amuse themselves during their hours of recreation. I believe each child costs twenty pounds per annum. I must say I derived great pleasure from my visit to the Queen's Orphan School, and was most favourably impressed with the order and neatness which prevailed. About the scholastic system and method of teaching I can say nothing, not having had an opportunity of seeing the boys in school; but I shall take an early opportunity of doing so, and of giving you the result of my visit. To-morrow the prizes will be awarded by Sir William and Lady Denison; it will be an interesting ceremony, which I shall take care to furnish, with the statistics of teh school, for your journal.

 

The second part of the article was published in the Hobart Town Courier on 31 January 1853 (p3 c1-2). This provides a history of the Queen's Orphan Schools and some statistics.

VISIT TO THE QUEEN'S ORPHAN SCHOOL
No.II

(From our own Reporter.)

31st January, 1853

I had intended giving you a minute description of the Female and Infant Departments of the Queen's Orphan Schools, but wishing to be most eact in my description, and not feeling quite certain upon some minor particulars, I postpone them till I refresh my recollection, which I shall have an opportunity of doing after the distribution of the prizes to-day, and I will let you have the particulars in my next paper. In this number I give a short history of the original formation of the Queen's Orphan Schools, with an outline of the principles on which the children are at present received into the school, and the manner in which the establishment is conducted. Though this may be known to some, yet there are so many new arrivals in the colony who take an earnest interest in the educational efforts that have been made for the children of the indigent and unfortunate, that I shall risk telling "a twice told tale."

This philanthropic institution originated under the government of Colonel (now Sir George) Arthur. The first female school was established in Davey-street, Hobart Town, in the year 1828. The first male school was established also in 1828, but was situated on the New Town Rivulet. In December 1833 the female establishment was removed to the north wing of the present building, and consisted of about 45 girls; six months subsequently they were removed to the south wing, and the boys took possession of the north wing of teh building (then complete except the Church), vacated by the girls. The number of the boys consisted of about an equal number as the girls.

The original institution appears to have been for the receiption of orphans, children deserted by their parents, and some whose parents or friends defrayed their expenses; the latter was done away with, I believe, pricnipally in consequence of the difficulty in collecting the money from the parties or sureties, as also from the reason of the legitimate inmates becoming too numerous for the proper accommodation of others. The establishment is calculated to contain six hundred children, whose ages must run from three upwards.

Until the year 1837 a committee of ladies and gentlemen, nominated by the Lieutenant-Governor, directed the management of the schools. In 1837 the full management and responsibility were vested in a head master, a clergyman of teh Church of England, and the whole body of children were brought up in that religion irrespective of the creed of their parents. In April 1841 the establishment was transferred from the Colonial to the Convict Department, and the charge placed in the hands of a Lay head master (or superintendent); the children were separated, as to their religious denominations, and visiting chaplains appointed, Protestant and Roman Catholic, for religious instruction and the performance of divine worship.

The asylum, according to the new arrangement, is a school of industry or the reception of orphan children, children deserted by their parents, or the offspring of objects of charity who are unable to provide for them; the above classes are paid for by the Colonial Government. The other class and principally as regards numerical strength, being about six-sevenths, are those ov convict parents undergoing probation or sentence, or illegitimate children of convict parents unprovided for, these are maintained at the expense of the Government, and may be said on average to cost £16 2s 3d per annum for each child (including all expenses), which charge includes the keeping of the buildings in repair. The parents of the latter class are required to relieve the Government from supporting the children on their obtaining indulgence (T.L.), or placed in circumstances (by marriage or otherwise), to enable them to protect and provide for their children. The duties of the Institution are provided under a Superintendent who is guided by instructions from the Lieutenant-Governor, through the Comptroller-General.

... Governor, and no child is permitted to be discharged from the schools but on the written authority of the Superintendent; and a registry of all admitted, discharged, apprenticed, deaths, or other casualties must be strictly and duly recorded. The establishment consists of a male and female school in separate buildings—the former under the immediate charge of a master and matron, the latter under the charge of a matron (for the superintendence of ... and domestic duties), who are responsible to the Superintendent, and from whom they receive all instructions.

The children in each school are divided into–1st, Upper School; 2nd, or Infant School. The Upper Schools are composed of the elder children, all above six years of age; the infant children are under the care of a schoolmistress and nurses.

Every regard to economy constistent with the comfort of the children is rigidly attended to throughout the establlishment, and the expenses, as much as possible, are defrayed by the children themselves by all practicable and useful employment in making and repairing part of their own clothing, baking, washing, &c., and no servant is introduced for any kind of service which can be performed by the children themselves. The boys are taught various trades or callings such as shoemaking, tailoring, farm work, baking, and household word. The children are allowed to select their own trade or calling as far as possible.

The girls are taught plain needlework, knitting, washing, care of children, and household work in general. The school instruction consists of reading, writing, and arithmetic. One day in the week (Wednesday), in addition to the Sabbath-day, is devoted to relisious instruction under the respective clergymen. On the days of secular education doctrinal tenets are not introduced. The whole of teh children of sufficient age attend their respective places of worship twice on the Sabbath, and daily morning and evening prayers are performed by proper persons.

When the children have obtained sufficient age (generally 14 years) they are apprenticed out by guardians appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor in conformity with an Act of Council passed in 1828.

The Superintendent is also vested iwth an authority from the Lieutenant-Governor to allow children who have obtained a proper age (at least 14) to be bound by agreement, with the consent of the parents, to industrials of respectable and proper character in the neighbouring colonies, the power of the Act in Council (before alluded to), or amendment thereto, not extending beyond the limits of Van Diemen's Land. The children are consulted at all times before apprenticed or articled by agreement, and in no instance obliged to leave the establishment compulsorily. I find teh numbers of children attending the schools during the year 1837 were 451; in 1838, 430; 1839, 405; 1840, 381; 1841, 402; 1842, 507; 1843, 486; 1844, 494; 1845, 450; 1846, 399; 1847, 418; 1848, 460; 1849, 456; 1850, 507; 1851, 503; and in 1852, 506. During these years the greatest mortality of children was in teh year 1843, when 59 deaths occurred; in the year 1845 and in the half-year closing last 31st December, no death occurred. The greatest number of children absconding was in 1841, when 6 ran away from the Institution. In 1850 the Roman Catholics compared with the Protestants stood in the proportion of 3 to 2, the numbers being, Roman Catholics 303, Protestants 204, while during ... which has just come to a conclusion the ... Infant School, the returns of which I could not obtain, were Catholics 200, Protestants 160, or the Catholics numbered nearly a fourth more than the Protestants.

The strength of the establishment, including officers, servants, and children, was at the close of the last half-year ending 31st December, 1852, as follows:—One Superintendent, two chaplains, one physician, one purveyor, one organist, one teacher of singing, one assistant-master, one industrial master, one matron, one beadle, one housemaid, one tailor, one overseer to farm, one gardener, and nine farm servants—making eleven officers and fifteen servants; and one hundred and eighty-seven children make the total number of residents in the male school 211. There were remaining on teh 30th June, 1852, 189; admitted since that time, 3–making 192; apprenticed 0, discharged 5, dead 0—making 187.

The strength of the female establishment for the closing half-year was as follows:—One matron, two schoolmistresses, one industrial mistress, one cook, one housmaid, one laundrymaid, and one hospital nurse–making four officers and five servants; and 173 children–Total, 182. There were remaining on the 30th June, 1852, 182[sic] children—admitted since 1, making 182. Apprenticed 3, discharged 6, dead 0–total 9; leaves 173.

The strength of the Infant establishment during the last half-year ended 31st December, 1852, was one submatron, one schoolmistress, five free nurses, five p.h. nurses, two p.h. housemaids, and one p.h. cook—making two officers, thirteen servants; and there are 146 infants. There were remaining at the close of teh half-year ending 30th June 1852, 145 infants; admitted since 5—total 150; discharged during last half-year 4, dead 0; leaving 146 on the roll.

I regret that the statistics connected with the schools are not more regularly kept. I had wished to have known if any of the children apprenticed from the establishment, or those who have left it, have ever been convicted of any crime at any of the Courts of th eisland; but I found no record of teh movements of the children are preserved after they leave the establishment. This is rather unfortunate, as it would be very interesting and important to observe the effect in the future career of teh virtuous and moral education bestowed upon the children. To Mr. A. B. Jones, the Superintendent, and to Mr. Mackay, the Purveyor, I wish to express my obligations—both these gentlemen gave me every information, and laid open to my view reports and statistics, without which I could not have given to the public through your columns the correct information I may say I have. To-day the prizes will be awarded; I shall take care and send you my promised report of the ceremony.

 

The third article appeared in the Hobart Town Courier on 1 February 1853 (p2 c4–5, p3 c1). It provides an overview of the female school and the prize giving ceremony.

VISIT TO THE QUEEN'S ORPHAN SCHOOL
No.III

(From our own Reporter.)

31st January, 1853

I will now proceed to give you the particulars of my inspection of the female and infant departments of the Queen's Orphan Schools, through the whole of which I was taken by the excellent matron, Mrs. Smyth. I will commence my account by stating my gratification at seeing such excellent "quarters" have been provided for the officers of the institution. By studying the comfort and domestic happiness of that too much neglected class, teachers, the first move will be made towards the great educational desideratim of the island, namely, a superior grade of persons to fill the high office of training the young idea, and of implanting in the minds of children, when they are most susceptible of receiving them, the seeds of good. WE proceeded first to the school-room, which was of similar proportions to that of the boys, but differently arranged as to the furniture and fittings. One half of the room is completely empty, the other half contains on each side of it short desks and forms. Upon my expressing surprise at the peculiarity of the arrangement, I was informed that it was owing to the monitorial system being in use, by which system the girls are taught standing round a monitor in semicircles; a broad aisle runs up the middle of the room to foldiing doors at the top, which, when trown open, display a pretty little altar. This room is the one appropriated every Sunday to the Roman Catholics for the celebration of their worship. At each end of the apartment is one of those patent ventilators first brought into use and found so successful at the Milbank Penitentiary, London: I was disappointed at seeing no maps round the walls, but Mrs. Smyth said they had been taken down for the holidays. As the whole of teh female and infant parts of the building rivalled that of teh boys in cleanliness, I shall conclude my remarks upon that great necessity in institutions of the kind I am describing, by agreeing in the observation Sir William Denison is reported ot have made while going over these schools, that if "cleanliness is next to godliness, the Orphan Schools must be very near to Heaven." After the school-room we visited the dining-room: I should have much liked to have seen the children assembled here to notice how the "gastronomical lecture" was administered, but unfortunately my visit was badly timed, being just after one meal. We then mounted to the dormitories. These rooms are upon exactly the same scale as those of the boys, but instead of hammocks the girls sleep upon ireon bedsteads, each of which is furnished with a hari mattrass, two sheets, two blankets, and a rug; each girl above twelve years of age has a bedstead to herself, under that age they sleep in couples. There are three dormitories, two devoted to Roman Catholics and one to the Protestants. At the end of the dormitories is a press for each girl, with her name written upon it, and in which she is expected to have her clothes neatly folded and placed. The storeoom was next paid a visit. Here are the provisions and clothes used in the establishment: I must praise those of both kinds which I saw. I tasted some rice as white as milk; the sugar was likewise of an excellent quality. I saw not meat, but I trust that whatever is consumed by these young children is of a better quality than that which I saw hanging up in the boys' department. The clothes all appeared homely and god; the flannel was of a superior texture and warm. From the storeroom we wended our way to the kitchen, where I observed some yards of currant pudding being put into immense boilers, with which the children were to be regaled as a consolation for the postponement of the awarding of the prizes. The next place I visited afforded me more pleasure than anything I had yet seen in teh establishment; I allude to the bath-room. Here are two baths, one hot and one cold and in these every girl in the school receives a thorough ablution twice a week, under the superintendence of the industrial mistress. No wonder disease so seldom visits the institution—no wonder not a single death has occurred in the Queen's Orphan Schools during the last half-year. In addition to the bath-rooms, there is a lavatory for daily use, to which the children descend from the dormitories: around the sides of the lavatory are a great number of small tanks, into which the water is continually passing and repassing. The floor of this room is composed of bricks, and its fours sides incline to a grating in the middle, through which the water ought to pass; but owing to something wrong in the pipes, the water does not drain off as fast as it should, consequently the bricks are always wet. It will be seen at once how standing upon damp bricks, especially in cold weather, must certainly produce those dreadful plagues to children, chilblains; and I am afraid the constitutions of the girls must suffer severe injury from these repeated wet feet. I earnestly urge upon the authorities to have a wooden grating made: this would counteract all the evil consequences of the water not flowing off quick enough. From the lavatory we proceeded to the laundry, where two or three hundred pieces are washed and mangled every week. Here are employed two professional laundresses, assisted by six of the orphan girls; here all the washing required by the inmates of the institution is done, with the exception of bedclothes, these are sent out to the Cascaes. In the laundry is kept ready day and night a boiler full of hot water in case any child should have a fit or other ailment which might require immediate immersion in a hot bath: too great praise cannot be bestowed upon this forethought and constant care for the health of the children.

The hospital was the last apartments of the female school I visited, and I was agreeably surprised to find that out of so large a number of children, many of whom must be of delicate constitutions, there was not a single case of serious illness. The hospital contained ten little inmates, but they were all sitting up and appeared cheerful and happy. Mrs. Smyth called to one little afflicted creature of about five years of age to show how nicely she could walk, and it was affecting to see the pride expressed in the face of the poor little child at the praise of the good lady for the performance. I was told she was malformed about the hips, but that great hopes are entertained by Dr. Bedord, the physician to the institution, that she will be ultimately cured. I saw no other case severer than a cold in the hospital. The children sent in here are visited regularly be Dr. Bedford, who orders them every comfort with an unsparing hand, and they are never sent into the other parts of the building without his certificate that they are perfectly cured.

From the hospital we passed to the fine large playground, ornamented with swings, roundabouts, &c. I was pleased at seeing these accessories to health so liberally bestowed upon these poor orphans; everybody knows the good effect of the roundabout in strengthening the arms. At the end of the playground is a part covered in for bad weather.

I might here notice that I remarked no instance of fighting or quarrelling, although our visit was quite unexpected amongst the children, the greater portion of whom were not aware of our presence: this speaks volumes for the excellence of the management.

I returned to the schoolroom to view the books used in this department, and also the copybooks. The former I recognised as mostly belonging to those presented to the world by the Irish National School Commissioners; the latter were generally well written, partaking greatly of the style of the lady who set the copies in them. Considering the ages of the writers, from what I saw I should say that the Orphan Schools are particularly forward in the important branch of primary education—writing. I am glad to see that Mulhauser's system of writing is in use here: I have often wondered it has not been taken more advantage of.

The diet of the girls is precisely similar to that of the boys. The younger children can always obtain a piece of bread when they are hungry. The girls' time is spent as follows:—At 5:40 dressing and saying morning prayers; 6 to 7 washing; 7 to 7:30 minute inspection by the matron as respects health, cleanliness and neatness; 7:30 to 8 breakfast; 8 to 8:30 recreation, with exception of those employed in domestic duties; 8:30 to 9 religious instruction; 9 to 12 school; 12 to 12:30 recreation, with exception of those employed in preparing dinner; 12:30 to 1 dinner; 1 to 2 recreation; 2 to 4 school; 4 to 5:30 recreation; 5:30 to 6 tea; 6 to bed-time recreation. I asked Mrs. Smyth if the report was correct that the girls were taught embroidery, knitting, netting, &c., instead of the much more useful plain needlework? She assured me it was incorrect; that the girls have never been taught any kind of fine needlewor, but were obliged during the time set apart for work to make their clothes; and that between 2000 and 3000 garments per annum were made by them. Upon enquiring how much time was set apart for needlework, judge of my surprise at being told one hour! This is undoubtedly, after religious instruction, and reading and writing, the most important branch of female education; and girls who are being educated by charity to make them working men's wives, or servants in families, have one hour set apart for learning the principal part of their calling. Upon referring back to the day table, I find six hours thirty minutes devoted to recreation: surely, if none of the time set apart for work can be spared, it would be better to subtract another hour or two from recreation, than let them leave the school, as they must do at present, quite ignorant of every kind of needlework but the commonest. This is radically wrong.

The girls have three complete suits of clothing per annum and six pairs of strong shoes: they change all their under clothing twice a week. The infant school is equally well conducted with those departments I have described. The little children are taught by means of pictures, which hang round the walls of their school-room; there is a large playground for them, and three nurses are always with them. Upon the whole, the Institution is as excellently carried on as it was philanthropically founded, and it reflects the greatest credit upon every officer connected with it.

 

February 1, 1853

The distribution of the Prizes took place yesterday. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, Sir William and Lady Denison arrived on the meadow adjacent to the building. The band of H.M. 99th Regt. was in attendance, and received His Excellency with "God save the Queen."

The children were then marched into the field, and the awarding of the prizes at once commenced. The rewards consisted of everything suitable for children, from the handsome satinwood work-box given to the grown girl just leaving the institution, to the ball presented to the little infant for being good. Sir William Denison made a few kind observations to each little recipient.

Lady Denison having given permission, the following pieces of music were sung by the children under the leadership of Mr. Salier, their instructor:—"The labourer's song," "Let us endeavour," "The kine are homeward going" (round, three parts), "The stormy winds," "The hours is come of twilight grey," "God save the Queen," &c. A cheer was then given, and echoed by the infants, who were walking two and two under the care of nurses. The masters then put the children into squares, and buns were plentifully distributed. Play ensued, and the performance might be said to be finished.

As Sir William Denison and C. E. Wilmot, Esq., in leaving the schools, were riding down the broad avenue, the children mounted upon the fence and gave several good hearty cheers, to which His Excellency as heartily responded, waving his hat at the same time.

You see there is little to describe, but much to think of. The education of these 507 young orphans will hereafter have a great influence upon the young colony. It is not merely 507 children we are educating, but the parents of perhaps a couple of thousands who will most assuredly be influence in their conduct by that of the parents. I think it right to give the result of a little quiet examination I made of a little fellow 10 years of age. I asked him to spell "Jeremiah," and he did so correctly; then to my question of "How many parts of speech are there, and can you repeat them?" came the correct answer. I followed with "What is an adjective?" He replied, "A thing that qualifies a substantive." Likewise, "Do you like being at school?" "Yes, sir." "Do they beat you much?" "No, sir." "Do you like being at school better than being at home" "I cannot say that." The quick manner in which the answer was given, the open manly way in which the little fellow fixed his eyes upon me, showed that, while the education he was receiving was good, intimidation and fear were not the means used to make him accept it. The general rosy and healthy looks, the clean and neat attire, and the modesty yet frankness of the orphans confirmed my former conviction that the system is excellent which is in operation at the Queen's Orphan Schools.

 

Newspaper Articles

The high mortality rates of children in the female factories rated mention in the local newspapers. An incident at Cascades Female Factory in 1838 resulted in a scathing editorial in the True Colonist (23 March 1838 pp.4-5) which attacked the Medical Attendant, Dr M'Braire, and the Superintendent, Mr John Hutchinson. The inquest provides insight into the operation of the factory, particularly the nursery, and some of the employees. It was after the publicity of such cases that the nursery was moved first to Liverpool St then to Dynnyrne.

THE FACTORY.

We briefly noticed last week, the death of the infant Vowles, the latest victim of the cruel treatment (of which so much has been said and written) to which the poor innocent children, confined in the Factory for the offences of their parents are subjected. It is very possible that much of what is reported or imagined of these cruelties may be exaggerated but, confirmed as these reports and opnions are by the vast number of deaths which occur in that dismal prison amongst its unoffending inmates the infants, and by the details in the case before us, the authorities must be held inexcuseable by every class in the colony, if the present excitement of the public mind is not allayed by an open enquiry into the management and state of the Factory generally, and particularly into the treatment of the children and the healthiness or unhealthiness of the place where they are confined; a close committee of Government Officers, whether medical or prison discipline functionaries, will not satisfy the public mind, on the contrary, the attempt to meet the present excitement by an enquirty so conducted will only have the effect of making an impression that the grounds of complaint are greater than the public now suppose them to be, and that the authorities are desirous by a sham report under official sanction to cloke mismanagement and something worse, which they are afraid to expose to the public eye, for fear of the censure which must attach to every person implicated in tolerating their existence, after they have been so often forced upon their attention by the public voice speaking through the press. Let the enquiry be conducted, by gentlemen, who cannot be suspected of official or prison discipline bias. Probably one of the Judges, would be the fittest person to preside on such an enquiry, assisted by Magistrates in whom the public repose confidence, unconnected with public office—at least with the prison discipline branch of it. Let the leading medical practitioners, unconnected with the Government Medical Department, be either appointed on the committee or requested carefully to examine the state of the establishment and give evidence thereon before the committee. Let Dr. M'Braire's conduct be subjected to the most perfect scrutiny. For if the impression that has gone abroad of his want of humanity and attention to these hus unfortunate fellow creatures be unfounded, it is but justice to him that his vindication should be established in the most satisfactory manner, or if there is any just grounds for the impressions that exist against him, it is a duty to society that an adequate censure should be passed upon him not only as a warning to other medical men who may be entrusted with the discharge of a similar duty, but, with a view to prevent him from again, being entrusted with the medical charge of any other public institution either of charity or for punishment. Will Sir John make no enquiry into the correctness of the reason assigned by the coroner for not summoning Dr. M'Braire to give evidence on the Inquest. Has Dr. M'Braire ever refused to obey the summons of the Coroner, if he has, he ought to have been instantly dismissed from the service of the Government. For there is an end to all the authority of the laws, as well as of those who administer them, if the example of setting their authority at defiance, is to be suffered to pass with impunity in the immediate servants of the Government. And it is generally reported that Dr M'Braire has evinced the same spirit of contumacy, with respect to the authority of the head of his own department. But we think Mr. Moore lost sight of his duty to the public and of the respect due to his office in taking any hearsay statement of Dr. M'Braire's intention as a reason for not issuing a summons, if he considered that his evidence was at all material, (and eveyr man must think that it was most material on such an enquiry) and in the event of his refusing to obey the summons it was Mr. Moore's duty to have adjourned the inquest until he had taken the necessary steps to compel his attendance and made his contempt of the summons a subject of complaint to the Governor. While we contend against every abuse of power we hold that the good order of society can never be maintained where any man is suffered to treat with contempt or defiance, the lawful mandate of any lawfully constituted authority, and the contempt or defiance is not against the individual but against the law which he is (no matter how unworthily) appointed to administer.

According to our promise we copy the evidence, from the Colonial Times without one word of comment. We heard the whole of the evidence of Mary Vowles, and we can vouch for its correctness; but in addition to what was elicited by the Coroner, the poor woman told us as she left the room, (in answer to a question which we put to her), that she was, on the authority of Mr. Hutchinson, confined for two days in the cell, and for what? For the heinous offence of running into the presence of Mr. Hutchinson to pray for permission to see her dying child!!!

Has Mr. Hutchinson authority to inflict such a punishment without reference to a magistrate? and if he has, we think that the man who could inflict such a punishment for such an offence, committed under such circumstances, is not a proper person to be invested with such authority. But let our readers peruse the evidence, and let them judge for themselves:—

CORONER'S INQUEST.

On Thursday the 15 inst. pursuant to a requisition, an inquest was held at the Rose and Crown, New Town Road before J.H. Moore, Esq. the Coroner, and a highly intelligent jury of fifteen, to enquire into the cause of the death of Thomas Vowles, an infant, the son of Job and Mary Vowles, of Veteran's row, when the following evidence was adduced:—

Mary Vowles—I am the mother of the deceased child Thomas Vowles; I am a prisoner of the Crown, but came free into the colony in the Princess Royal; I was ordered into the Factory for six weeks, and hard labour; I went in on the 3rd of February last; my child was then alive and quite healthy; I was nursing it and had plenty of milk at that time; the child was teething; I took the child to the Factory with me, by Mr. Spode’s special permission; I do not know whether it is usual for mothers under sentence to be allowed to suckle their children; my husband told me he had applied to Mr. Spode for special leave to suckle my baby; I carried it to the Factory when I was going in for punishment, and had the child in my arms when I went in.

[The Coroner here cautioned the witness not to permit her feelings to exaggerate the evidence. He was anxious and determined, as far as he could, to arrive at the truth, and would commit any witness, whom the jury might consider to deviate from the truth?]

Mary Vowles continued—I was undressed, as is customary, and clothed in the prison dress.

Coroner, to Mr. Hutchinson, who was in attendance.—This, I believe, is intended as a precaution to prevent infection, &c.?

Mr. Hutchinson—It is, Sir; and also to prevent the conveyance of any improper article into the establishment.

Mary Vowles, continued.—After I was dressed a woman name Spruce I think, took the child away from me, by Mr. Hutchinson's orders, Mr. Hutchinson being present; the woman took away the child, from the place where I was; I told Mr. Hutchinson that I was suckling the baby, when he said, if I made any noise, and did not go into the yard, he ould put me in a cell. I had, at this time, received notice from my husband, that Mr. Spode had given me especial permission to have the child with me, for the purpose of suckling it; I told Mr. Hutchinson that I had this permission; I told him this in the presence of Mr. Cato and the van-man. Mr. Hutchinson still refused to let me have the child to suckle. The van-man said to Mr. Hutchinson, "This woman has permission to go with her child;" Mrs. Cato said to me, "It is a pity for the child to be taken from you, and you had better ask Mr. Hutchinson to give you leave to have the baby with you," I did again apply to Mr. Hutchinson, and he again refused; Mrs Cato went up stairs to Mr. and Mrs. Hutchinson, and in my hearing said, it was a pity to have the baby taken from me, and she begged of them to let me be with my child. I did not exactly hear the reply, but Mr. Hutchinson called out to me, if I did not go quietly into the yard, he would put me in a cell. The child was taken from me; this was on the day in which I entered the Factory; the woman, who received the child, went in through the door, leading into the nursery; I was prevented from following her. The child had not a minute's illness from the day of its birth up to that time; it was a strong healthy child. I next saw my baby in about five days afterwards; this was on a day, on which according to the regulations, mothers are permitted to see their children; I did not know my own child, it was looking so sickly, and altered, much for the worse; the baby, after being a few minutes with me, recognised me. The day before that in which mothers were permitted to see their children, I asked Mr. Hutchinson, at a time when he was giving wool to women to pick, if he would allow me a bit of paper, to write to my husband, as he wished to have the child, for it was not suffered to be with me. Mr. Hutchinson answered, "No such think; you have no business here." I then asked a woman for paper, and having no money, offered her my bread for it, I could not rest day or night for thinking about my baby. This woman asked me 3d for the paper; her name was Emma, and she was a servant to Mr. Bedford. She had paper at that time, but gave it to some one else. It was by word of mouth that I communicated to my husband that I was separated from my child; this was after the visiting day; the child was at this time teething; I was not permitted to see the child again, till he went home. My husband, I believe, took away the child; I was not allowed to see the child on parting. I did not serve the whole period of my sentence in the Factory; I served five weeks all but one day; my husband was anxious that I should go home, and see my baby before it died; it was my only child. My husband applied for me to get out, and I was permitted to go out under an order from Mr. Spode; I was forgiven the remainder of my sentence.

Coroner.—Just like Mr. Spode, he is so kind.

Mary Vowles, resumed.—When I got home, I thought my baby was dying; I could not feel any motion in the dear child, till I had had it in my arms for ten minutes; this was on a Friday, and on the Monday following (yesterday week) the baby died. When we went into the Factory, the child's bowels were quite regular, and the evacuations were of a natural quality; when I came home, they were quite gree